Izifo zeTomato eziqhelekileyo kunye noKhetho loNyango

Iitumatozizityalo ezithandwayo kodwa zisesichengeni sezifo ezahlukeneyo. Ukuqonda ezi zifo kunye nokuthatha amanyathelo okulawula asebenzayo linyathelo elibalulekileyo ekuqinisekiseni ukukhula kwetamatato enempilo. Kweli nqaku, siza kuzisa ngokweenkcukacha izifo eziqhelekileyo zetamatato kunye neendlela zabo zokulawula, kwaye sichaze amagama athile anxulumene zobugcisa.

Indawo yeBhaktheriya yeTomato

I-Tomato ibhaktiriya Spotibangelwa yintsholongwaneXanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoriakwaye ichaphazela kakhulu amagqabi neziqhamo. Kwinqanaba lokuqala lesi sifo, amabala amancinci amancinci avela emagqabini. Njengoko isifo siqhubela phambili, amabala ngokuthe ngcembe ajika abe mnyama kwaye ajikeleze ihalo etyheli. Kwiimeko ezinzima, amagqabi aya koma kwaye awe, kwaye amabala amnyama aya kuvela kumphezulu wesiqhamo, okukhokelela ekuboleni kweziqhamo kunye nokuchaphazela isivuno kunye nomgangatho.

Indlela yothumelo:
Esi sifo sisasazwa yimvula, amanzi okunkcenkceshela, umoya kunye nezinambuzane, kodwa kunye nezixhobo ezingcolileyo kunye nemisebenzi yabantu. I-pathogen overwinters kwintsalela yesifo kunye nomhlaba kwaye iphinda ifake izityalo entwasahlobo xa iimeko zivuma.

Indawo yeBhaktheriya yeTomato

Izithako ezicetyiswayo zoXhobo kunye noKhetho loNyango:

I-fungicides esekelwe kwi-Copper: umz, i-hydroxide yobhedu okanye isisombululo se-Bordeaux, sitshizwe rhoqo emva kweentsuku ezi-7-10. Amalungiselelo obhedu asebenzayo ekunqandeni ukuzala kunye nokusasazeka kweebhaktheriya.
I-Streptomycin: Tshiza rhoqo emva kweentsuku ezili-10, ingakumbi kumanqanaba okuqala esi sifo, iStreptomycin inqanda ukusebenza kwebhaktiriya kwaye icothisa ukukhula kwesifo.

Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria

Xanthomonas campestris pv. I-vesicatoria yintsholongwane ebangela ukubuna kwamachokoza kweetumato kunye neepepile. Isasazwa ngokuchaphaza kwemvula okanye ukusasazwa ngoomatshini kwaye ihlasela amagqabi kunye neziqhamo zesityalo ibangela amabala anamanzi athi ngokuthe ngcembe ajike abemnyama kwaye kwiimeko ezinzima abangele ukuba amagqabi ome kwaye awe.

Ingcambu yeTomato

Ukubola kweengcambu zetumatoibangelwa ziintlobo ngeentlobo zefungi zomhlaba, ezifana neFusarium spp. kunye nePythium spp. kwaye yosulela iingcambu. Ekuqaleni kwesi sifo, iingcambu zibonisa ukubola kwamanzi, okuthi ngokuthe ngcembe kuguquke kumbala omdaka okanye omnyama, kwaye ekugqibeleni yonke inkqubo yeengcambu iyabola. Izityalo ezigulayo zibonisa ukukhula okumileyo, ukuba tyheli kunye nokubuna kwamagqabi, nto leyo ekhokelela ekufeni kwezityalo.

Iindlela zoThutho:
Ezi pathogens zisasazwa ngomhlaba kunye namanzi okunkcenkceshela kwaye zikhetha ukwanda kwindawo yokufuma kunye neemeko zobushushu obuphezulu. Umhlaba owosulelekileyo kunye nemithombo yamanzi yeyona ndlela iphambili yosulelo, kwaye iintsholongwane zinokusasazwa ngezixhobo, imbewu kunye nentsalela yezityalo.

Ingcambu yeTomato

Izithako ezicetyiswayo zamayeza kunye nenkqubo yonyango:

I-Metalaxyl: Tshiza rhoqo emva kweentsuku ezili-10, ingakumbi ngamaxesha okubakho kwezifo eziphezulu.

I-Metalaxyl

Carbendazim: Isebenza kakuhle ngokuchasene neentlobo ngeentlobo zokungunda komhlaba, kwaye ingasetyenziselwa ukunyanga umhlaba phambi kokutshintshwa okanye ukutshizwa kwinqanaba lokuqala lesi sifo. I-Fusarium spp.

Carbendazim

I-Fusarium spp.

I-Fusarium spp. ibhekisa kwiqela lokungunda kwi-genus Fusarium ebangela izifo ezahlukeneyo zezityalo, kubandakanya ingcambu yetumato kunye nokubola kwesiqu. Zisasazeka emhlabeni nasemanzini, zichaphazela iingcambu kunye nesiseko sesiqu sesityalo, okukhokelela ekubeni zibe mdaka kunye nokubola kwezicubu, ukubuna kwesityalo, kunye nokufa.

IPythium spp.

IPythium spp. ibhekisa kwiqela lokungunda kwamanzi kwi-genus Pythium, kwaye ezi pathogens zihlala zihlala kwindawo efumileyo kunye namanzi angaphezulu. Babangela ukubola kweengcambu zetomato okukhokelela ekubeni iingcambu zibemdaka kunye nokubola kweengcambu kunye nezityalo ezimileyo okanye ezifileyo.

Itomato Grey ngundo

Ukungunda kweTomato Grey kubangelwa ngumngundo iBotrytis cinerea, eyenzeka ikakhulu kwiindawo ezifumileyo. Ekuqaleni kwesi sifo, amabala anamanzi avela kwisiqhamo, iziqu kunye namagqabi, athi ngokuthe ngcembe agqunywe ngumaleko we-grey mold. Kwiimeko ezinzima, isiqhamo siyabola kwaye siwe, kwaye iziqu kunye namagqabi ajika abe mdaka kwaye abole.

Indlela yothumelo:
Umngundo usasazwa ngumoya, imvula, kunye noqhagamshelwano, kwaye ukhetha ukuzala kwindawo efumileyo, epholileyo. I-fungus overwinters kwi-debris yezityalo kwaye iphinda iphinde iphinde ikhule isityalo entwasahlobo xa iimeko zivuma.

Itumato engwevu ngundo

Izithako ezicetyiswayo zoXhobo kunye noKhetho loNyango:

Carbendazim: Tshiza rhoqo emva kweentsuku ezili-10 ukwenzela isenzo sokubulala umngundo.
Iprodione: itshizwe rhoqo ngeentsuku ezi-7-10, inempembelelo yokulawula engcono kwi-gray mold. Iprodione inokulawula ngokufanelekileyo ukuphuhliswa kwesi sifo kunye nokunciphisa ukubola kweziqhamo.

Botrytis cinerea

I-Botrytis cinerea lukungunda olubangela ukungunda okungwevu kwaye luchaphazela kakhulu iintlobo ngeentlobo zezityalo. Iphindaphindeka ngokukhawuleza kwindawo efumileyo, yenze umaleko wokungunda ongwevu osulela ikakhulu iziqhamo, iintyatyambo, kunye namagqabi, okukhokelela ekuboleni kweziqhamo kunye nokonakala kwempilo yezityalo iyonke.

I-Tomato Grey Leaf Spot

Amachokoza amagqabi angwevu etumato abangelwa ngumngundo iStemphylium solani. Ekuqaleni kwesi sifo, amabala amancinci amnyama avela emagqabini, umda wamabala ayabonakala, ngokuthe ngcembe ayanda, iziko lamabala liba lome, kwaye ekugqibeleni likhokelela ekulahlekeni kwamagqabi. Kwiimeko ezinzima, i-photosynthesis yesityalo ivaliwe, ukukhula kukhula, kwaye izivuno ziyancipha.

Indlela yothumelo:
I-pathogen isasazwa ngumoya, imvula kunye noqhagamshelwano kwaye ikhetha ukuzala kwiindawo ezifumileyo nezifudumeleyo. I-pathogen overwinters kwi-debris yezityalo kunye nomhlaba kwaye iphinda ifake izityalo entwasahlobo xa iimeko zivuma.

I-Tomato Grey Leaf Spot

Izithako ezicetyiswayo zoXhobo kunye noKhetho loNyango:

eMancozeb: Tshiza rhoqo ngeentsuku ezisi-7 ukuya kwezili-10 ukwenzela uthintelo olusebenzayo kunye nonyango lwebala legqabi elingwevu.IMancozeb sisibulala-zinambuzane esisebenza ngeendlela ezininzi esithintela ngokufanelekileyo ukwanda kwesi sifo.

Thiophanate-methyl: Tshiza rhoqo ngeentsuku ezili-10, ngesiphumo esinamandla se-bactericidal. I-thiophanate-methyl inefuthe elibonakalayo kwindawo yeqabunga elingwevu, inokulawula ngokufanelekileyo ukukhula kwesi sifo.

Thiophanate-Methyl

I-Stemphylium solani

I-Stemphylium solani ngumngundo obangela indawo enamagqabi angwevu kwitumata. Umngundo wenza amachokoza angwevu-ntsundu emagqabini, anencam ecacileyo yamachokoza, kwaye ngokuthe ngcembe anwebe ukuze awise amagqabi, oko kuchaphazela kakhulu iphotosynthesis kunye nokukhula okunempilo kwesityalo.

Ukubola kwesiqu setomato

Ukubola kwesiqu setomato kubangwa yifungus iFusarium oxysporum, echaphazela kakhulu isiseko sesiqu. Ekuqaleni kwesi sifo, amabala amdaka avela kwisiseko sesiqu, ngokuthe ngcembe ayanda kwaye abola, okukhokelela ekubeni mnyama kunye nokubuna kwisiseko sesiqu. Kwiimeko ezinzima, isityalo siyabuna kwaye sife.

Indlela yothumelo:
Intsholongwane isasazwa ngomhlaba nakumanzi okunkcenkceshela kwaye ikhetha ukuzala phantsi kobushushu obuphezulu kunye neemeko zokufuma okuphezulu. Umhlaba owosulelekileyo kunye nemithombo yamanzi yeyona ndlela iphambili yosulelo, kwaye i-pathogen inokusasazeka ngembewu, izixhobo kunye nenkunkuma yezityalo.

Ukubola kwesiqu setomato

Izithako ezicetyiswayo zamayeza kunye nenkqubo yonyango:

I-Metalaxyl: Tshiza rhoqo emva kweentsuku ezisi-7 ukuya kwezili-10, ingakumbi ngamaxesha okuhlasela kwezifo.
Carbendazim: Isebenza kakuhle kwi-Fusarium oxysporum, ngakumbi kwizigaba zokuqala zesifo.

I-Fusarium oxysporum

IFusarium oxysporum yifungus ebangela ukubola kwesiqu setomato. Isasazeka emhlabeni namanzi kwaye yosulela iingcambu kunye nesiseko sesiqu sesityalo, ibangela ukuba izicubu zijike zibe mdaka kwaye zibole, kwaye zibangele ukubuna nokufa kwesityalo.

Isifo se-tomato

Umngundo wesiqu setomato ubangelwa ngumngundo i-Didymella lycopersici, ingakumbi esulele isikhondo. Ekuqaleni kwesi sifo, amabala amnyama amnyama avela kwiziqu, ezikhula ngokuthe ngcembe kwaye zibangele ukuba iziqu zome. Kwiimeko ezinzima, iziqu ziyaqhekeka kwaye ukukhula kwezityalo kuthintelwe, ekugqibeleni kukhokelela ekufeni kwezityalo.

Indlela yothumelo:
Intsholongwane isasazwa ngomhlaba, inkunkuma yezityalo kunye nomoya nemvula, ikhetha ukuzala kwindawo efumileyo nepholileyo. I-pathogen overwinters kwi-debris egulayo kwaye iphinda ifake izityalo entwasahlobo xa iimeko zivuma.

Isifo se-tomato

Izithako ezicetyiswayo zoXhobo kunye noKhetho loNyango:

Thiophanate-methyl: fafaza rhoqo ngeentsuku ze-10 ukuze ulawule ngokufanelekileyo i-stem blight.I-Thiophanate-methyl inqanda ukusasazeka kunye nokuphindaphinda kwesifo kwaye inciphisa ukwenzeka kwesifo.
Carbendazim: Inempembelelo entle ye-bactericidal kwaye ingasetyenziswa kwinqanaba lokuqala lesi sifo. I-carbendazim inefuthe elibonakalayo kwi-stem blight kwaye inokulawula ngokufanelekileyo ukuphuhliswa kwesi sifo.

Didymella lycopersici

I-Didymella lycopersici ngumngundo obangela isifo se-tomato. Ichaphazela kakhulu izikhondo, ibangela ukuba amabala amdaka amnyama avele kwizikhondo kwaye ngokuthe ngcembe asomise, oko kuchaphazela kakhulu ukuthuthwa kwamanzi kunye nezondlo zesityalo, kwaye ekugqibeleni kukhokelele ekufeni kwesityalo.

I-tomato i-blight emva kwexesha

I-tomato blight emva kwexesha ibangelwa yi-Phytophthora infestans kwaye ihlala iqhambuka kwindawo efumileyo nepholileyo. Esi sifo siqala ngamabala aluhlaza amnyama, anamanzi emagqabini, athi anwebe ngokukhawuleza kwaye abangele ukufa kwegqabi lonke. Amabala afanayo avela kwisiqhamo kwaye ngokuthe ngcembe abola.

Indlela yogqithiso:
I-pathogen isasazwa ngumoya, imvula kunye nokudibanisa, kwaye ikhetha ukuzala kwiimeko ezifumileyo, ezipholileyo. I-pathogen overwinters kwi-debris yezityalo kwaye iphinda iphinde ifake isityalo entwasahlobo xa iimeko zivuma.

I-tomato i-blight emva kwexesha

Amacandelo aCetyisiweyo kunye noKhetho loNyango:

I-Metalaxyl: Tshiza rhoqo ngeentsuku ezisi-7 ukuya kwezili-10 ukunqanda ngokufanelekileyo isibetho sasemva kwexesha. i-metataxyl inqanda ukwanda kwesi sifo kwaye inciphisa ukuvela kwesi sifo.
Idimethomorph: Tshiza rhoqo ngeentsuku ezili-10 ukuze ulawule kakuhle isifo esiba semva kwexesha. i-dimethomorph inokulawula ngokufanelekileyo ukuphuhliswa kwesi sifo kunye nokunciphisa ukubola kweziqhamo.

Phytophthora infestans

I-Phytophthora infestans yintsholongwane ebangela ukubola emva kwexesha kwiitumato kunye neetapile. Lungundo lwamanzi oluthanda iimeko ezifumileyo nezipholileyo, nto leyo ebangela uhlaza olumnyama, amabala anamanzi emagqabini nakwiziqhamo ezinwenwa ngokukhawuleza kwaye zibangele ukufa kwezityalo.

Umngundo wamagqabi etumato

Ukungunda kwegqabi letumato kubangwa ngumngundo iCladosporium fulvum kwaye yenzeka ikakhulu kwiindawo ezifumileyo. Ekuqaleni kwesi sifo, ukungunda okungwevu-luhlaza kuvela ngasemva emagqabini, kwaye kukho amabala atyheli ngaphambili emagqabini. Njengoko esi sifo sikhula, umaleko wokungunda uyakhula ngokuthe ngcembe, nto leyo ebangela ukuba amagqabi ajike abe tyheli aze awe.

Indlela yothumelo:
I-pathogen isasazwa ngumoya, imvula kunye noqhagamshelwano, kwaye ikhetha ukuzala kwiindawo ezifumileyo nezifudumeleyo. I-pathogen overwinters kwi-debris yezityalo kwaye iphinda iphinde ifake isityalo entwasahlobo xa iimeko zivuma.

Umngundo wamagqabi etumato

Izithako ezicetyiswayo zoXhobo kunye noKhetho loNyango:

I-Chlorothalonil: Tshiza rhoqo emva kweentsuku ezi-7 ukuya kwezi-10 ukuze ulawule ngokufanelekileyo ukungunda kwamagqabi i-Chlorothalonil sisibulali-zinambuzane esibanzi esinqanda ukwanda nokusasazeka kwesi sifo.
Thiophanate-methyl: Tshiza rhoqo ngeentsuku ezili-10 ukuze ulawule ngempumelelo ukungunda kwamagqabi. I-thiophanate-methyl iyasebenza ekulawuleni ukuphuhliswa kwesi sifo kunye nokunciphisa ukulahleka kwamagqabi.
Ngokusebenzisa i-arhente zenzululwazi kunye nengqiqo kunye namanyathelo olawulo, izifo ze-tomato zinokulawulwa ngokufanelekileyo kwaye zithintelwe ukuqinisekisa ukukhula okunempilo kwezityalo ze-tomato, ukuphucula isivuno kunye nomgangatho.

Cladosporium fulvum

I-Cladosporium fulvum ngumngundo obangela ukungunda kwegqabi letumato. Lo mngundo uphindaphindeka ngokukhawuleza phantsi kweemeko zokufuma kwaye wosulela amagqabi, nto leyo ekhokelela ekungundeni okungwevu-luhlaza kumzantsi wamagqabi kunye namachokoza atyheli kumphambili wamagqabi, nto leyo ekhokelela ekubeni amagqabi agqabhuke kwiimeko ezinzima.