I-fungicides: iintlobo, ukwakheka kunye nendlela yokusebenza kwazo

Iintlobo zemichiza yokungunda

1.1 Ngokwesakhiwo sekhemikhali

Imichiza yokungunda ephilayo:Awona malungu aphambili kwezi zibulali ntsholongwane zingumxube wendalo oqulethe ikhabhoni. Ngenxa yokwahluka kwesakhiwo, imichiza yokungunda ephilayo inokulawula ngempumelelo iintlobo ngeentlobo zezifo.

I-Chlorothalonil: i-wide-spectrum fungicide, esetyenziswa ngokuqhelekileyo kwimifuno, iziqhamo kunye nezityalo zokuhombisa.
I-Thiophanate-methyl: ukuthintela kunye nokunyangwa kwezifo, ezisebenzayo kwimithi yeziqhamo, imifuno kunye nokunye.

Thiophanate-Methyl 70% WP fungicide

Imichiza yokungunda engaphiliyo:Imichiza yokungunda engaphiliyo iquka imixube ye-inorganic, efana nobhedu, isulfure njalo njalo. Le michiza yokungunda isetyenziswa kakhulu kwezolimo kwaye inexesha elide lokushiyeka.

I-Bordeaux liquid: ukuthintela kunye nokunyangwa kwezifo zemithi yeziqhamo, imifuno, njl.
I-sulphur: i-fungicide yendabuko, esetyenziselwa iidiliya, imifuno, njl.

1.2 Ngokomthombo wemathiriyeli ekrwada yeyeza lokungunda

Imichiza yokungunda engaphiliyo:Kubandakanya amalungiselelo obhedu kunye nesulfure, ezi fungicides zihlala zisetyenziselwa ukulawula izifo zefungal kunye neebhaktheriya.

I-oxychloride yobhedu: lawula izifo zokungunda kunye neentsholongwane.

Imichiza yesulphur ephilayo:Ezi ntsholongwane zokungunda ikakhulu zibulala iintsholongwane ze-pathogenic ngokukhupha ihydrogen sulfide, esetyenziswa ngokuqhelekileyo ekulawuleni umgubo wokungunda kunye nezinye izifo zokungunda.

Umgubo weSulfur: Ukulawula ukungunda komgubo, umhlwa njalo njalo.

I-Organophosphorus fungicides:Iikhompawundi ze-Organophosphorus ziqhele ukusetyenziswa kwezolimo ukulawula izifo zebhaktheriya kunye nefungal, kunye ne-spectrum ebanzi kunye nokusebenza okuphezulu.

IMancozeb: isichiza sokungunda esibanzi, ukulawula iintlobo ngeentlobo zezifo zokungunda.

Mancozeb 80% WP

Imichiza yokungunda ye-arsenic yendalo:Nangona zisebenza, ngoku ziyayekwa ngenxa yetyhefu yazo ephezulu.

I-Arsenic acid: i-toxicity ephezulu, ngoku iphelile.

Imichiza yokungunda ephuma kwiBenzene:Le michiza yokungunda yahlukene ngokwesakhiwo kwaye iqhele ukusetyenziswa ukulawula iintlobo ngeentlobo zezifo, ezifana ne-downy mildew kunye ne powdery mildew.

I-Carbendazim: i-wide-spectrum fungicide, ulawulo lwemithi yeziqhamo, imifuno kunye nezinye izifo.

Carbendazim 50% SC

Azole fungicides:I-Azole fungicides inqanda ukuhlanganiswa kweenwebu zeseli yokungunda ukubulala ibhaktheriya ye-pathogenic, esetyenziswa ngokubanzi kulawulo lwezifo zeziqhamo kunye nemifuno.

I-Tebuconazole: ukusebenza okuphezulu, okuqhelekileyo kwimithi yeziqhamo, ukulawula izifo zemifuno.

I-Systemic Fungicide Tebuconazole 25% EC

Imichiza yokungunda yobhedu:Amalungiselelo obhedu anempembelelo enamandla ye-bactericidal, esetyenziswa ngokuqhelekileyo ekulawuleni izifo zefungal kunye ne-bacterial.

I-Copper hydroxide: ulawulo lwemithi yeziqhamo, imifuno kunye nezinye izifo.

Amachiza okubulala umngundo:I-antibiotics eveliswa yi-microorganisms, njenge-streptomycin kunye ne-tetracycline, isetyenziselwa ukulawula izifo zebhaktheriya.

Streptomycin: ulawulo lwezifo zebhaktiriya.

Imichiza yokungunda eyintlanganisela:Ukudibanisa iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zefungicides kunokuphucula umphumo we-fungicidal kunye nokunciphisa ukuxhathisa iintsholongwane ze-pathogenic.

IZineb: isichiza sokungunda esihlanganisiweyo, ulawulo lweentlobo ngeentlobo zezifo zokungunda.

Izibulala-zinambuzane zoKhuselo lwezityalo Zineb 80% WP

Amanye amayeza okubulala umngundo:Kubandakanya imichiza yokungunda emitsha nezikhethekileyo, ezifana nezicatshulwa zezityalo kunye neearhente zebhayoloji.

Umthi weti oyile ebalulekileyo: isityalo sendalo sikhupha i-fungicide, i-antibacterial ebanzi.

1.3 Ngokwendlela yokusetyenziswa

Iiarhente ezikhuselayo: isetyenziselwa ukuthintela ukwenzeka kwesifo.

Umxube we-Bordeaux: owenziwe nge-copper sulfate kunye ne-lime, unempembelelo ebanzi ye-bactericidal kwaye isetyenziselwa ukukhusela izifo ze-fungal kunye ne-bacterial yemithi yeziqhamo, imifuno kunye nezinye izityalo.

Ukumiswa kwesulfure: isithako esiphambili yisulfure, esetyenziswa ngokubanzi ekukhuseleni nasekulawuleni izifo ezininzi zefungal, ezifana ne-powdery mildew, i-rust kunye nokunye.

Iiarhente zonyango: isetyenziselwa ukunyanga izifo esele zenzekile.

I-Carbendazim: i-wide-spectrum fungicide eneziphumo zothintelo kunye nonyango, esetyenziswa ngokuqhelekileyo ekuthinteleni nasekulawuleni imithi yeziqhamo, imifuno kunye nezinye izifo zokungunda.

I-Thiophanate-methyl: Inempembelelo yenkqubo kunye neyonyango, kwaye isetyenziselwa ukulawula izifo zemithi yeziqhamo, imifuno kunye neentyatyambo.

Eradicators: Isetyenziselwa ukuphelisa ngokupheleleyo iintsholongwane.

I-Formaldehyde: isetyenziselwa ukutshatyalaliswa kwentsholongwane yomhlaba, kunye ne-sterilization enamandla kunye nokuphelisa iintsholongwane, ezisetyenziswa ngokuqhelekileyo kwi-greenhouse kunye ne-greenhouse unyango lomhlaba.

I-Chloropicrin: ifumigant yomhlaba, esetyenziselwa ukubulala iibhaktheriya ze-pathogenic, izinambuzane kunye nembewu yokhula emhlabeni, ilungele iindawo zokugcina izityalo, iindawo zokugcina izityalo kunye neefama.

Iiarhente zenkqubo: Ifunxwa ngeengcambu zezityalo okanye amagqabi ukuze kuzuzwe ulawulo lwesityalo esipheleleyo.

I-Tebuconazole: i-broad-spectrum systemic fungicide, ibulala ibhaktheriya ye-pathogenic ngokuthintela ukuhlanganiswa kweembrane zeeseli zefungal, ezisetyenziswa ngokubanzi kwimithi yeziqhamo, imifuno kunye nezityalo zokutya.

Isilondolozi: isetyenziselwa ukunqanda ukubola kwezicubu zezityalo.

I-Copper sulfate: enempembelelo ye-bactericidal kunye ne-antiseptic, esetyenziswa ngokuqhelekileyo ekuthinteleni nasekulawuleni izifo zebhaktheriya zezityalo kunye nokukhusela ukubola kwezicubu zezityalo.

1.4 Ngokweempawu zokuqhuba

Inkqubo yeFungicide: inokufunxwa sisityalo kwaye iqhutywe kwisityalo sonke, kunye nemiphumo engcono yokulawula.

I-Pyraclostrobin: uhlobo olutsha lwe-broad-spectrum systemic fungicide kunye nemiphumo yokuthintela kunye neyonyango, esetyenziswa ngokuqhelekileyo kwimithi yeziqhamo, imifuno njalo njalo.

I-Pyraclostrobin Fungicide 25%SC

Non-sorbent fungicide: dlala indima kuphela kwindawo yesicelo, ayiyi kuhamba kwisityalo.

I-Mancozeb: isibulali-zinambuzane esibanzi esikhuselayo, esisetyenziswa ikakhulu ukulawula izifo zokungunda, asiyi kuhamba kwisityalo emva kokugalelwa.

1.5 Ngokwenkqubo ekhethekileyo yokwenza izinto

Imichiza yokungunda yeendawo ezininzi (ezingezodwa).: yenza ngaphezu kwenkqubo enye yefiziyoloji yepathogen.

I-Mancozeb: isebenza kwiinkqubo ezininzi ze-physiological ye-pathogen, inesiphumo esibanzi se-bactericidal, kwaye ikhusela izifo ezahlukeneyo zokungunda.

Imichiza yokungunda kwindawo enye (ekhethekileyo).: yenza kuphela inkqubo ethile yefiziyoloji yepathogen.

I-Tebuconazole: Isebenza kwiinkqubo ezithile ze-physiological pathogen kwaye ibulala ibhaktheriya ye-pathogenic ngokuvimbela ukuhlanganiswa kwe-membrane yeseli yefungal.

1.6 Ngokweendlela ezahlukeneyo zokwenza

Imichiza yokungunda ekhuselayo: kubandakanywa nempembelelo ye-bactericidal yoqhagamshelwano kunye nesiphumo esishiyekileyo se-bactericidal.

IMancozeb: isibulala-zinambuzane esibanzi esikhuselayo, esisetyenziselwa ukuthintela iintlobo ngeentlobo zezifo zokungunda.

Sulfur suspension: umngundo obanzi, osetyenziselwa ukuthintela nokulawula umgubo wokungunda kunye nerusi.

Imichiza yokungunda eyinkqubo: kubandakanywa i-apical conduction kunye ne-basal conduction.

I-Pyraclostrobin: i-broad-spectrum systemic fungicide entsha eneziphumo zothintelo kunye nonyango.

I-Propiconazole: isibulali-ntsholongwane sokungunda, esisetyenziswa ngokuqhelekileyo ekuthinteleni nasekulawuleni izifo zesiriyeli, imithi yeziqhamo kunye nezinye izityalo.

Organic Fungicide Propiconazole 250g/L EC

1.7 Ngokwendlela yokusetyenziswa

Unyango lomhlaba:

Formaldehyde: isetyenziselwa ukubulala iintsholongwane emhlabeni, ukubulala iintsholongwane ze-pathogenic emhlabeni.

Unyango lwesiqu kunye namagqabi:

ICarbendazim: Isetyenziselwa ukutshiza izikhondo zezityalo kunye namagqabi ukuze kulawuleke iintlobo ngeentlobo zezifo zokungunda.

Unyango lwembewu:

I-Thiophanate-methyl: isetyenziselwa unyango lwembewu ukuthintela iintsholongwane zembewu kunye nokusasazeka kwezifo.

1.8 Ngokuhambelana neekhemikhali ezahlukeneyo

Imichiza yokungunda engaphiliyo:

Umxube weBordeaux: umxube wecopper sulfate kunye nekalika, isibulali ntsholongwane esibanzi.

Isulphur: isetyenziswa kakhulu ekulawuleni umgubo wokungunda, umhlwa njalo njalo.

Imichiza yokungunda ephilayo:

I-Carbendazim: i-wide-spectrum fungicide, ulawulo lweentlobo zezifo zokungunda.

I-Tebuconazole: i-broad-spectrum systemic fungicide, inqanda ukuhlanganiswa kwenwebu yeseli yomngundo.

Imichiza yebhayoloji yokungunda:

I-Streptomycin: Amayeza okubulala iintsholongwane aveliswa ziintsholongwane, ikakhulu asetyenziselwa ukulawula izifo ezibangelwa yintsholongwane.

Amayeza okubulala umngundo kwezolimo:

Streptomycin: i-antibiotic, ulawulo lwezifo zebhaktheriya.

I-Tetracycline: i-antibiotic, ukulawula izifo zebhaktheriya.

Imichiza yokungunda ephuma kwizityalo:

Umthi weti oyile ebalulekileyo: isicatshulwa sesityalo sendalo esinempembelelo ye-antibacterial ebanzi.

1.9 Ngokweentlobo ezahlukeneyo zesakhiwo sekhemikhali

Imichiza yokungunda ephuma kwiCarbamate:

I-Carbendazim: Isibulali-ntsholongwane sokungunda esibanzi sokulawula iintlobo ngeentlobo zezifo zokungunda.

Amide amayeza okungunda:

I-Metribuzin: iqhele ukusetyenziselwa ukutshatyalaliswa kokhula, ikwanazo nefuthe lokungunda.

Amalungu amathandathu e-heterocyclic fungicides:

I-Pyraclostrobin: i-broad-spectrum systemic fungicide entsha eneziphumo zothintelo kunye nonyango.

Amalungu amahlanu e-heterocyclic fungicides:

I-Tebuconazole: i-broad-spectrum systemic fungicide, inqanda ukudityaniswa kwenwebu yeseli yokungunda.

I-Organophosphorus kunye ne-methoxyacrylate fungicides:

I-Methomyl: isetyenziswa ngokuqhelekileyo ukulawula izitshabalalisi zezinambuzane, kodwa inesiphumo esithile sokungunda.

Methomyl 90% SP

Imichiza yokungunda yobhedu:

Umxube weBordeaux: umxube we-copper sulfate kunye nekalika, inzalo ebanzi.

Imichiza yokungunda yesulphur engaphiliyo:

Sulfur suspension: isetyenziswa ngokubanzi kulawulo lwe powdery mildew, rust, njl.

Imichiza yokungunda ye-arsenic yendalo:

I-Arsenic acid: i-toxicity ephezulu, ngoku iphelile.

Amanye amayeza okubulala umngundo:

Izityalo zezityalo kunye neekhompawundi ezintsha (ezifana neoli ye-tea ebalulekileyo): impembelelo ye-antibacterial ebanzi, ukukhuselwa kwendalo kunye nokhuseleko.

Uhlobo lwesibulali-mbundi

2.1 Umgubo (DP)
Ngesitshabalalisi sokuqala kunye nesigcwalisi esingasebenziyo esixutywe kumlinganiselo othile, sicunyuziwe kwaye sisefu ngumgubo. Ngokuqhelekileyo isetyenziselwa ukutshiza ngomgubo kwimveliso.

2.2 Umgubo omanzi (WP)
Yiyo i-pesticide yasekuqaleni, i-filler kunye nenani elithile lezongezelelo, ngokulingana nokuxuba okupheleleyo kunye nokutyumza, ukufezekisa i-fineness ethile ye powder. Ingasetyenziselwa ukutshiza.

2.3 I-Emulsion (EC)
Ikwabizwa ngokuba yi "emulsion". Ngesitshabalalisi sokuqala ngokwenxalenye ethile yezinyibilikisi eziphilayo kunye neziyinyithi ezinyityilisiweyo kulwelo oluneoyile ekuhleni. Ingasetyenziselwa ukutshiza. I-emulsion kulula ukungena kwi-epidermis yezinambuzane, ingcono kunomgubo omanzi.

2.4 Amanzi (AS)
Ezinye izitshabalalisi zinyibilika ngokulula emanzini, kwaye zinokusetyenziswa ngamanzi ngaphandle kwezongezo. Njengecrystalline lithosulfuric acid, insecticide kabini, njl.

2.5 Iigranule (GR)
Yenziwe ngokubhengeza inani elithile le-agent kunye neengqungquthela zomhlaba, i-cinder, i-slag yezitena, isanti. Ngokuqhelekileyo i-filler kunye ne-pesticide iyachithwa kunye kwi-fineness ethile ye-powder, yongeza amanzi kunye ne-agent encedisayo ukwenza i-granules. Inokusasazwa ngesandla okanye ngoomatshini.

2.6 I-arhente yokuxhoma (ukumiswa kwejeli) (SC)
Ukusetyenziswa kwe-ultra-micro-grinding emanzi, i-pesticide powder ehlakazwe emanzini okanye kwioli kunye ne-surfactants, ukubunjwa kwe-viscous flowable liquid formulations. I-arhente yokumisa ixutywe kunye naluphi na umlinganiselo wamanzi ukunyibilika, ilungele iindlela ezahlukeneyo zokutshiza. Emva kokutshiza, inokonga i-20% ~50% yesibulali-zinambuzane sokuqala ngenxa yokuxhathisa kwamanzi emvula.

2.7 IFumigant (FU)
Ukusetyenziswa arhente eziqinileyo kunye sulfuric acid, amanzi kunye nezinye izinto ukusabela ukuvelisa iigesi eziyityhefu, okanye ukusetyenziswa ephantsi-abilayo arhente ulwelo oluguquguqukayo iigesi eziyityhefu, fumigation evaliweyo kunye nezinye bume ezithile ukubulala izinambuzane kunye neentsholongwane lolungiselelo.

2.8 Iaerosol (AE)
I-aerosol lulwelo okanye isisombululo se-oyile ye-pesticide eqinile, ukusetyenziswa kobushushu okanye amandla omatshini, ulwelo olusasazwe ekumisweni okuqhubekayo kwamathontsi amancinci emoyeni, ibe yi-aerosol.

Indlela yokwenza imichiza yokungunda

3.1 Impembelelo kulwakhiwo lweseli kunye nomsebenzi

Iifungicides zithintela ukukhula kunye nokuveliswa kwakhona kweebhaktheriya ze-pathogenic ngokuchaphazela ukubunjwa kweendonga zeeseli zefungal kunye ne-plasma membrane biosynthesis. Ezinye ii-fungicides zenza iiseli ze-pathogen zingakhuselekanga ngokutshabalalisa i-synthesis yodonga lweseli, olukhokelela ekugqibeleni ekufeni kweeseli.

3.2 Impembelelo kwimveliso yamandla eselula

I-fungicides inokuphazamisa inkqubo yokuvelisa amandla e-pathogens ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo. Ngokomzekelo, ezinye ii-fungicides zithintela i-glycolysis kunye ne-fatty acid β-oxidation, ukuze iintsholongwane zingakwazi ukuvelisa amandla ngokuqhelekileyo, nto leyo ekhokelela ekufeni kwabo.

3.3 Ukuchaphazela ukuhlanganiswa kwezinto ze-metabolic zeselula kunye nemisebenzi yazo

Eminye imichiza yokungunda isebenza ngokuphazamisana nokudityaniswa kwefungus nucleic acids kunye neeproteni. Ezi nkqubo zemetabolism zibalulekile ekukhuleni nasekuveliseni iintsholongwane; ngoko ke, ngokuthintela ezi nkqubo, imichiza yokungunda inokulawula ngokufanelekileyo ukwenzeka nokusasazeka kwezifo.

3.4 Ukukhuthaza ukuzilawula kwezityalo

Amachiza athile okubulala umngundo akasebenzi ngokuthe ngqo kwibhaktiriya ye-pathogenic kuphela, kodwa abangela ukuba isityalo simelane nezifo. Ezi zibulali zifo zokungunda zisenokwenza izityalo zivelise “amachiza” asebenza ngokuthe ngqo kwintsholongwane okanye athabathe inxaxheba kwimetabolism ukuvelisa izinto ezisebenza ngokuchasene nentsholongwane, ngaloo ndlela kwandisa ukuxhathisa kwesityalo kwizifo.

Ukuqukumbela

Imichiza yokungunda idlala indima ebalulekileyo kwezolimo zanamhlanje ngokulawula nokuthintela izifo zezityalo ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo. Iindidi ezahlukeneyo zefungicides zineempawu zazo ngokubhekiselele kwisakhiwo sekhemikhali, indlela yokusetyenziswa, iipropati zokuqhuba kunye nendlela yokwenza izinto, ezenza zisetyenziswe ngokubanzi kwizicelo ezahlukeneyo zezolimo. Ukukhethwa okunengqiqo kunye nokusetyenziswa kwefungicides kunokuphucula ngokufanelekileyo isivuno kunye nomgangatho wezityalo kunye nokuqinisekisa uphuhliso oluzinzileyo lwemveliso yezolimo.

FAQ

I-FAQ 1: Yintoni isibulali-zinambuzane esisaphilayo?

I-Organic fungicides yi-fungicides eyenziwe nge-organic compounds equkethe i-carbon, enezakhiwo ezahlukeneyo kunye noluhlu olubanzi lweziphumo ze-bactericidal.

FAQ 2: Zeziphi ezona ntlobo ziphambili zamayeza okubulala umngundo?

Ezona ntlobo zedosi yezibulali-ntsholongwane zokungunda ziquka umgubo, umgubo omanzi, ii-oyile ezigalelwa amanzi, izinyibiliko ezinamanzi, iigranuli, iijeli, iifumigants, ii-aerosols kunye nezifumigants.

FAQ 3: Uthini umahluko phakathi kwenkqubo ye- fungicide kunye ne-non-systemic fungicide?

I-fungicides inokufunxwa sisityalo kwaye idluliselwe kwisityalo sonke, esinomphumela ongcono wokulawula; i-non-sorbent fungicides isebenza kuphela kwindawo yesicelo kwaye ayishukumi kwisityalo.

I-FAQ 4: I-fungicides iyichaphazela njani i-metabolism yeselula?

I-Fungicides inqanda ukukhula kunye nokuzala kwakhona kwe-pathogens ngokuphazamisa ukuhlanganiswa kwe-nucleic acids kunye neeprotheni, ezichaphazela inkqubo yokuvelisa amandla, kunye nokutshabalalisa isakhiwo seseli.

FAQ 5: Zeziphi izinto eziluncedo kwizibulali-ntsholongwane eziphuma kwizityalo?

Imichiza yokungunda yezityalo yenziwa ngencindi yezityalo kwaye idla ngokuba netyhefu ephantsi, ayinabungozi kokusingqongileyo kwaye ayinakukwazi ukuphuhlisa ukuxhathisa.